diff --git a/src/partitioning.sh b/src/partitioning.sh
index c1a70f9..63751fc 100644
--- a/src/partitioning.sh
+++ b/src/partitioning.sh
@@ -48,6 +48,20 @@ partition_path() {
   fi
 }
 
+refresh_partition_table() {
+  local disk="$1"
+
+  if command -v partprobe >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    partprobe "$disk"
+  elif command -v partx >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    partx -u "$disk"
+  elif command -v udevadm >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    udevadm settle
+  else
+    log_warn "No partition refresh tool available; proceeding without refresh."
+  fi
+}
+
 partition_disk() {
   : "${DISK:?Target disk is required}"
   : "${ESP_SIZE:?ESP size is required}"
@@ -65,7 +79,7 @@ partition_disk() {
   parted -s "$DISK" mkpart ESP fat32 1MiB "$ESP_SIZE"
   parted -s "$DISK" set 1 esp on
   parted -s "$DISK" mkpart ROOT "$ESP_SIZE" "$ROOT_END"
-  partprobe "$DISK"
+  refresh_partition_table "$DISK"
 
   ESP_PART="$(partition_path "$DISK" 1)"
   ROOT_PART="$(partition_path "$DISK" 2)"
diff --git a/src/sanity.sh b/src/sanity.sh
index 7d45a2b..6f422bd 100644
--- a/src/sanity.sh
+++ b/src/sanity.sh
@@ -41,6 +41,22 @@ require_command() {
   fi
 }
 
+require_any_command() {
+  local found=""
+  local cmd
+
+  for cmd in "$@"; do
+    if command -v "$cmd" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+      found="yes"
+      break
+    fi
+  done
+
+  if [[ -z "$found" ]]; then
+    die "Missing required command: one of $*"
+  fi
+}
+
 sanity_check_base() {
   if [[ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ]]; then
     die "Run this script as root."
@@ -57,7 +73,7 @@ sanity_check_base() {
 
 sanity_check_commands() {
   require_command lsblk
-  require_command partprobe
+  require_any_command partprobe partx udevadm
   require_command parted
   require_command cryptsetup
   require_command mkfs.vfat